6 Kingdoms

Archaebacteria (prokaryote)

Defining Characteristics

-Anaerobic: without oxygen
-No peptidoglycan in cell walls

Extremophiles - tolerate
extreme conditions like

1 Example; Methanogens

- Coccus and bacillus
- Consume CO2 and H and release CH4

Eubacteria (Prokaryote)

Gram-Positive bacteria (A); thick layer; purpleGram-Negative bacteria (B); thin layer; pink

Defining Characteristics

- Photosynthetic Bacteria → autotrophs
- Chemosynthetic Bacteria → heterotrophic

- Binary Fission;(asexual)
- Conjugation; (sexual)

- Cell walls with peptidoglycan
- Aerobic or anaerobic

3 Major Morphologies

Coccus (circular shape)

Streptococci are gram-positive aerobic; pneumonia

Bacillus (rod Shaped)

nonmotile gram-negative; rat bite fever

Sprillium&Spirochetes (spiral shaped)

Sprilllium is thick and rigid aquatic

infection caused by the bacterium Spirillum minus; transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected rat

- Pathogen; disease-causing microorganism
- Once it gains entrance to body, it will produce toxins harmful to host

Protists (Eukaryote)

Defining Characteristics

- ALL protists are aquatic
- Able to move (motile)

3 Main Groupings

Protozoa (Animal-like)

- Single-celled, heterotrophs; motile
- Reproduce; binary fission or conjugation

Flagellates: Some move with flagella; binary fission

Giardia; from contaminated water causes “beaver fever”

Plant-like

+ chlorophylls – photosynthetic
- Single-celled or multicellular

Diatoms

containing chlorophylls; undergo photosynthesis

- single-celled, colonies
- (make ½ of oxygen on planet)

eg. phytoplankton

Fungus-like

- Decomposers, like fungi
- Can move, like animals
- Unicellular; heterotrophs

Water moulds; freshwater

Great Potato Famine

parasites of plants or fish

Fungi (Eukaryote)

Defining Characteristics

Mycotoxins; spore-borne toxins made by fungiharmful to vertebrates and other animals

- No chlorophyll – non photosynthetic
- Most multicellular; some unicellular
- Cell walls made of chitin; Heterotrophic

4 Major Phyla

Produce spores; asexual and sexual life cycles; non motile

Mushrooms let out spores; meet other spores and become a new fungi; Sexual rep.

Zygomycota; sexual and asexual

Water moulds; zoospores; asexual and sexual

Yeast are unicellular and divide into new fungal cells (mitosis); sexual or asexual

Plante (Eukaryote)

Stomata; gas exchangeGuard cells - At night; close stomata Tropisms; stimulus

Defining Characteristics

- Cell walls made of cellulose
- Store food in the form of starch
- Develop from embryos

- Evolved from chlorophyte algae; green algae (a protist)

- Xylem – water + minerals; roots to other parts
- Phloem – transport of sugars & larger molecule

Adaptations

- Nutrient + Water Transport
- Vascular tissue

Reproductive Strategies:
- Sexual; use of seeds
- Asexual; using parts other than seeds

4 Phyla

Angiospermophyta

create flowers to reproduce, or flowering plants

Monocot

Corn; parrallel veins; seed (one cotyledon)

-Cotyledon; stores nutrients

Dicots

Cabbage; veined leaves

Coniferophyta

- Stand both the heat and cold
- Produce cones and needles or spiky leaves.

Pine; cones & spikes

Filicinophyta

- Full-sized roots and leaves; produce spores
- Some are aquatic or even grown on other trees

Lady fern

Bryophyta

- No vascular structure; rhizoids, attach the mosses to a surface (moist areas)
- Stop reproducing when dried out

Hylocomium splendens; Mountain fern moss

Animalia (Eukaryote)

Porifera (sponges)

SymmetryAsymmetricalBody CavityNone (pores)Diploblastic animals; outer dermal layer and the inner gastral layer.CharacteristicsMarine; some freshwaterAsexual reproduction; budding, fragmentation - Sexual reproduction; gametic fusion

Cnidaria (jellyfish/coral)

SymmetryRadialBody CavityMouth no anus (gastrovascular)- coelomCharacteristicsPolyp; sessile; single opening (the mouth)Medusa; motile; mouthReproductionAsexual; budding or Sexual; gametessome degree of cephalization

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

SymmetryBilateralBody CavityTissues + organs; germ layer-mesodermAcoelomateCharacteristicsTriploblastic; ProtostomesParasitic; few free-livingReproductionsexualfairly advanced degree of cephalization

Nematods (roundworms)

SymmetryBilateralBody CavityTissues and organs germ layer-mesoderm. Pseudocoelomate- not perfectly layeredCharacteristicsTriploblastic; protostomesnervous system; nerve ringReproductionsexual; copulatory spine open

Annelida (segmented worms)

SymmetryBilateralBody CavityCoelom- completely lined; mesoderm layerComplex internal organs; muscular gut (intestines)CharacteristicsTriploblastic; ProtostomesChaetae; hairs of chitinReproductionSexual; sometimes asexualGonochoristic or Hemaphroditic

Mollusca (snail/oysters)

SymmetryBilateralBody CavityCoelom; completely lined; mesoderm layer; triploblasticCharacteristicProtostomes; blastopore=mouthinvertebrates; mantle and footReproductionSexual; larva

3 major classes

• Gastropods

Well developed head; cephalizationOpen circulatory systemExample: Snail; light sensing organs at the end of tentacles

• Bivalves

Do not have well formed headOpen circulatory systemExample: Clams; no radula

• Cephalopods

Complex brain; CephalizationClosed circulatory systemExample: Octopus; force water out from mantle cavity

Arthopoda (insects)

SymmetryBilateralBody CavityCoelom; completely lined; mesoderm layerTriploblasticCharacteristicsprotostomes; mouth firstJoint appendages; exoskeleton+chitin- moltReproductionsexual & internal using appendagesUnfertilized eggs strongly cephalized

Subphyla

• Chelicerates

Classes:Arachnida - SpidersMerostomata - Horseshoe crabPycnogonida - Marine; sea spidersCharacteristicssix pairs of appendagesChelicerae and Pedipalps mouth partsNo mandibles and no antennae

• Hexapoda

Classes:Insecta - Butterfly; 3 body segm. Entognatha - Apterous; wingless - SpringtailCharacteristicsMetamorphosisMandibles and maxillae

• Crustacea

Classes:Malacostra - CrabsMaxillopoda - BarnacleBranchiopoda - Fairy shrimps Ostracoda - Seed shrimp CharacteristicsMandibles; compound eyesBiramous appendages

• Myriapoda

Classes:Chilopoda - Centipedes; 15+ trunk seg.Diplopoda - Millipedes; 11-100 trunk seg.Pauropoda - small, millipede-likeSymphyla - Garden centipedesCharacteristicsTwo body sectionsOne pair of antennae on the head.

Echinodermata (starfish)

SymmetryRadialBody CavityCoelom; completely lined; mesoderm layerTriploblastic; deuterostome Characteristicsfive part body planCaCO3 plateletsReproductionSexual; some asexual-disk divisionloss of cephalization

Chordata

SymmetryBilateralBody CavityCoelom; completely lined; mesoderm layerTriploblasticCharacteristicsIn deuterostomes; blastopore=anus → later mouthSubphyla:Urochordate - tunicatesdorsal, nerve cord Cephalochordate - filter feeders

Vertebrates

2 superclasses

Agnathans (jawless)

Examples: HagfishLamprey

Gnathostomata (jawed)

Classes

Agnatha

Primitive2 chamber heart

Chondrichthyes

Sharks, Rays2 chambered heart

Osteichthyes

Bony fish; tuna - salmon2 chambered heart

Amphibia

Frogs, toadsstart=gills; later=lungs 3 chambered heartreturn to water to reproduce

Reptilia

Turtles, lizardsCharacteristics3 chambered heartamniotic egg

Aves

All birds4 chambered heartamniotic egg

Mammals

Reproductive tract; humans - dolphin4 chambered heartEndothermic

Mammals

Characteristics Presence of hairViviparous; live birth

3 major groupings with reproductive strategy

Monotremes

CharacteristicsOnly one body opening for waste and eggs to passAlive today=spiny anteater & platypusReproductive Strategy:lay eggs

Marsupial

CharacteristicsContinue to develop inside the pouchKangaroos, KoalaReproductive StrategyBirth to babies that are not completely developed

Placental mammal

Characteristicsplacenta organ; connect mother and babyOtter, Humans Reproductive Strategy:develop inside mother's body, until body systems can function alone

3 orders

Order Cetacea

Extra capillaries in the lungsFusiform-shaped body; virtually hairlessBeluga, Orca

Whales and Porpoises

Order Proboscidea

Nose modified into long boneless trunk

Elephants

Order Pinnipedia

Fin-footed for propulsion

Seals and Walruses

5 connections

Protists and plante; green algae as ancestor and photosynthesisConnection to how cephalization between phyla was selectedInternal fertilization in Platyhelminthes and mammalsBryophytes reproduce in water with spores like fungiGram negative more resistant to antibiotics; how through evolution also carried onto some protozoans