Language Learning Strategies
Oxford (1990)
Direct strategies
Memory strategies
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Creating mental linkages
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Applying images and sounds
Reviewing well
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Employing action
Cognitive strategies
Practising
Receiving and sending messages strategies
Analysing and reasoning
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Creating structure for input and output
Compensation strategies
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Guessing intelligently
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Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
Indirect strategies
Metacognitive Strategies
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Centering your learning
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Arranging and planning your learning
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Evaluating your learning
Affective Strategies
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Lowering your anxiety
Encouraging yourself
Taking your emotional temperature
Social Strategies
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Asking questions
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Cooperating with others
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Empathising with others
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Rubin (1987)
Cognitive Learning Strategies
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Clarification / Verification
Guessing / Inductive Inferencing
Deductive Reasoning
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Memorization
Monitoring
Metacognitive Learning Strategies
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Stern's (1992)
Management and Planning Strategies
Cognitive Strategies
Communicative - Experiential Strategies
Interpersonal Strategies
Affective Strategies
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by Mohd Aizuddin Zulkefli
O'Malley et al. (1985)
Metacognitive Strategies
directed attention
selective attention
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functional planning
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self-monitoring
delayed production
Cognitive Strategies
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note taking
recombination
auditory representation
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inferencing
Socioaffective Strategies
question for clarification