Development of Yemen

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Barriers to Development

Oil Dependence

Limits financial development

Price volatility

Ethnic/Religious Conflict

Tribal groups

Shia and Sunni Islam

Geography

Strategic location

Lack of natural resources

State Capacity/ Institutions

Political

Legitimate third parties

Ineffective government/ Democratic institutions

Economic

Wealth contained by oligarchical elites

Lack of economic diversification

Southern Separatists: UAE

Houthi Forces: Iran

Government forces: Saudi Arabia and US

2014: New constitution to include for Houthis and South; Houthis take Sanaa

2015-Present: ISIS and Civil War

2020

COVID-19 prompts ceasefire

2019

Military withdraw by UAE

2018

Southern separatists backed by UAE take Aden

2015

Saudi led coalition launches airstrikes against Houthis in Arden

President Hadi flees south

ISIS kills 137 people

2005- 2014: Houthi Insurgency and Calls for Reform

Government Reform

2005: 36 dead in clashes between protestors and police

2007: Clashes between army and tribesman leave 16 dead

2008: Demands for electoral reform; accusations of northern bias

2011: President Selah steps down; President Hadi assumes control

Houthi Insurgency

2005: 200 killed in fighting

2007: After more death, Abdul-Malilk al-Houthi accepts ceasefire

2008: Renewed fighting

2009: Clashes between rebels and Saudi forces

1994-2004: Terrorism and Civil Strife

Civil Conflict

2001: Violence during elections calls for constitutional reform

2004: Hussein al-Houthi is martyred

Terrorism

2000: USS Cole

2002: Limburg

1994: War of Sucession

South attempts to succeed; defeated by national army

1990-1994: Transition

Democracy served as a barrier: Poor dispute resolution

Continued mistrust

No plan for how institutions would look in a unified state

Military never integrated

1990: Unification

Four major groups

Al-Hiraak

Houthis

Northern non-Islamists

Sunni Islamists

Reasons for unifying

Soviet Union collapses

oil and natural gas

decrease border tensions

Development of Yemen

North Yemen

1970: Compromise of 1970: Program for economic development

1962: After years of civil strife, military officers led by Abdullah al-Sallal overthrow the established government and establish the Yemen Arab Republic. A civil war begins between Egyptian backed Republicans and a Saudi backed royalist insurgency.

1918: Ottoman Empire collapses and the state of North Yemen is formed. The ruler is Imam Yahya, a Shia Muslim.

1849: The Ottomans occupy northern lands.

South Yemen

1969: A radical left wing coup successfully overthrows the government and renames the country, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and adopts communist policies.

1986: A civil war erupts, causing a entire overhaul in governmental leadership. Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas takes power and begins the first steps towards unification.

1967: Years of pro-independence movements cause the British to withdraw. The People's Republic of Yemen is formed.

1839: The British take Aden and use it as a refueling port.